Example

In a series of horizontal sedimentary beds, there is an igneous dyke which cuts vertically through them.
The dyke is younger than the sediment beds, as the beds would have had to be around before the dyke could have intruded.

References

Tarbuck, Lutgens, Tsujita. Earth - An Introduction to Physical Geology. USA: Pearson Education Canada Inc., 2005

Conditions and Accommodation

Housing is either in the Main Building, in rooms with 4 beds and the Galaciuc building, in very crowded rooms with 2 or 3 beds, or wooden buildings with 6 or 8 beds. Most of the buildings existed prior to the opening of the camp, being log-cabins belonging to Vrancea’s Forest Management Company. As such, they are extremely small and crowded (the rooms with 2/3 beds are 2 meters long and 3 meters wide, while the 8 bedded rooms are 7 meters long and 3 meters wide). Only the Main Building and Gărgăriţa cabin have heating installations, thus reducing the camp’s capacity during the winter to only 100 persons. There is no source of drinking water in or near the camp, all water having to be bought from shops in Tulnici or Lepşa. There is also a problem with toilets, being insufficient (8 toilets are available for the entire camp, of which 4 are usually reserved for staff and teachers), and hot water, as plumbing and heating installations are more than 30 years old. Food is provided to both contest participants and paying customers at the reference level provided by the Ministry of Education (in 2004 that was 85000 lei/day or US$ 2.5/day), thus lacking both in quality and in quantity. During the 2004 Infoeducatie contest, there were 11 reports of food poisoning.

Activities

Gălăciuc is an excellent venue for paragliding, mountaineering and sightseeing. Its very good position and clean air are the advantages of the camp. 8 Km from the camp, in the direction of Lepşa lies the Putna waterfall, with a number of trekking routes, while 10 km away, near Lepşa, there is the Cheile Tişiţei nature preserve and wildlife reservation (with one of the largest population of wild bears in Europe. Trout fishing is possible either in the Putna river or the Lepşa trout farm.

InfoEducatie

Infoeducatie is the most important event in Gălăciuc. Taking place in July or August it is a national software development contest for high-school students in Romania. First taking place in 1994, it is also the oldest one surviving. Students are required to bring a home-made software (any kind is accepted, although educational software falls in a special category) developed by themselves or a website and show it in front of a jury. To be able to enter the contest, you must win a prize (rank 1st, 2nd or 3rd) in local and regional qualification rounds. Sponsors include Microsoft and Cisco. Although prizes are not high ($350 for first prize in 2004), all students that win a prize are entitled to enroll in some informatics departments of Romanian universities without standard application procedures (they are automatically accepted), thus making the competition rather fierce. Some of the software presented is of commercial grade, including CAD programs and utilities, games, anti-viral software and compression tools. For more information visit the official site of Infoeducatie contest featuring Galaciuc information

It is also a word used in the popular internet game word whomp.

In architecture, a plinth is the platform or base upon which a column, pedestal, statue, monument, or structure rests.

Notes

See also

• Set-off (architecture)
• Socle (architecture)

There have been several films entitled Dark Water:

• Dark Water a 2001 film about a serial-killer stalking recently prison-released pedophiles, directed by Ron Chartier.
• Two films based on the story, “Floating Water” (浮遊する水; Fuyū Suru Mizu) by Koji Suzuki, which appeared as part of Suzuki’s anthology Dark Water (仄暗い水の底から; Honogurai mizu no soko kara; literally In the Depths of Dark Water).
  • Dark Water, a 2002 Japanese horror film directed by Hideo Nakata
  • Dark Water, a remake of the 2002 film (made in 2005) directed by Walter Salles.
  • Andara Pani Staring Kareena Kapoor

Television series:

• Dark Water, which was also known as The Pirates of Dark Water, an American animated television.

Books:

• Dark Water (仄暗い水の底から; Honogurai mizu no soko kara; literally In the Depths of Dark Water), a collection of horror short stories by Koji Suzuki
• Dark Water, a manga.

History

The hospital opened in 1959 as Lake Mead Hospital Medical Center with 33 beds.

Purchased in 2003 by IASIS Healthcare.

Services

• Provides the only geriatric psychiatry beds in Las Vegas.

Accreditation

• Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
  

References

North Vista Hospital web site

External links

• North Vista Hospital web site

According to alternative medicine advocates, one form of water therapy is the consuming of a gutful of water upon waking in order to “cleanse the bowel”. A litre to a litre and half is the common amount ingested. This water therapy, also known as Indian or Chinese Water Therapy, is claimed to have a wide range of health benefits; or at least no adverse effects. While ingesting about a litre and a half of water is usually harmless, this is approaching the level which can lead to water intoxication, an urgent and dangerous medical condition. Advocates of water therapy claim that application of water therapy at first will cause multiple bowel movements until the body adjusts to the increased amount of fluid.

See also

• Contrast showers
• Water cure (therapy)
• Thalassotherapy

haha

• Water Music (Handel), orchestral suites by George Frideric Handel
• Water Music (novel), a novel by T.C. Boyle
• Water Music (Kershaw), a novel by Melanie Kershaw
• Water Music (Ryerson), a photography book by Marjorie Ryerson
• Water Music Records, a record label

• Ouvertüre Wassermusik (Hamburger Ebb und Fluth) TWV 55:C3, an orchestral suite by Georg Philipp Telemann

Other exhibits include life-size dioramas of the traditional methods of fishing and the “walk into the sea” diorama, showing the natural coral beds, sea grass beds and deep sea fish. One of the final exhibits of the museum is a display of the causes of sea pollution, coast erosion, and the methods used to combat these problems.

The site of the beds is a California Historical Landmark and can be found in San Leandro Marina.

References

The term mesotrophic is also applied to terrestrial habitats. Mesotrophic soils have moderate nutrient levels.

According to alternative medicine advocates, one form of water therapy is the consuming of a gutful of water upon waking in order to “cleanse the bowel”. A litre to a litre and half is the common amount ingested. This water therapy, also known as Indian or Chinese Water Therapy, is claimed to have a wide range of health benefits; or at least no adverse effects. While ingesting about a litre and a half of water is usually harmless, this is approaching the level which can lead to water intoxication, an urgent and dangerous medical condition. Advocates of water therapy claim that application of water therapy at first will cause multiple bowel movements until the body adjusts to the increased amount of fluid.

See also

• Contrast showers
• Water cure (therapy)
• Thalassotherapy

haha

There are three known species of Kokopu in New Zealand:

• Giant kokopu, Galaxias argenteus
• Banded kokopu, Galaxias fasciatus
• Shortjaw kokopu, Galaxias postvectis

Kokopu live 5 - 10 years but can reach in excess of 21 years. They spawn in leaf debris in stream beds or during spring tides and the eggs hatch about 30 days after being laid. The hatchlings are carried downstream where they spend a short period of time in the sea and return to streams after four to five months. Kokopu sprats are keenly sought by fishers as whitebait for consumption as a delicacy and are caught in fine meshed nets.

Kokopu depend on the natural environment, principally in forested environments, and so have become less common as New Zealand has been cleared of much of its native forest and swampland as a result of colonisation and farming development since the late 1800s. Nevertheless, recognition of the value of biodiversity and the preservation of natural areas in National Parks and reserved conservation areas promises to maintain the species.

Kokopu suffer from the introduction of trout species that were introduced into New Zealand for sport fishing purposes during the first half of the 20th century by various acclimatisation societies. Research has indicated that where trout have become established then kokopu are unlikely to be found. Nevertheless, since the kokopu, on average, is smaller in size than trout then where stream and swamp environments cannot support trout and are still in forested areas, kokopu are likely to be found.

Peculiar interest attaches to these beds for they are the principal representatives in Britain of the marine phase of the Lower Cretaceous system. The Speeton Clays pass downwards without break into the underlying Kimeridgian; they are capped by the Red Chalk, which may be regarded as the equivalent of the Upper Gault of southern England. These beds thus form a passage series between marine Jurassic strata and those belonging undoubtedly to the Cretaceous system; in this way they correspond with the Purbeck-Wealden rocks, which form a connecting link between estuarine Jurassic and Cretaceous strata.

Above the dark, bituminous, nodular shales with Kinseridge fossils at the base of the Speeton Clay comes the zone of Belemnites lateralis (35 feet), with Olcostephanus gravesiformis, O. rotula, and species of Hoplites and Oxynoticeras; this is followed by the zone of Betemnites jaculum, with B. crislatus, Olcostephanus (Astieria) ashen, O. (Simbirskites) inversus and O. (S.) Speetonensis in ascending order; Echinospatagus cordiformis, a species found in the typical Neocomian area, also occurs in this zone. The next higher zone is that of Belemnites brunsvicensis (semicanaliculatus) (100 feet), with B. Speetonensis, Hoplites deshayesii, and Amaltheus bicurvatus. The topmost zone is characterized by Bet emnites nzinimus with Inoceramus concentricus and I. sulcatus; it consists of a few feet of mottled clays.

It appears, therefore, that while the lower portions of the Speeton Clay are the equivalents of the Wealden and perhaps of the Purbeck beds, the higher portions are the equivalents of the Lower Greensand and part of the Gault. In Lincolnshire the upper Speeton beds are represented by the Carstone and Tealby Limestone and Clay, and the lower Speeton by the Claxby Ironstone, Spilsby Sandstone and lower part of the Tealby clay. A similar faunal horizon is recognized in Heligoland and Russia.

See GW Lamplugh, Q.J.G.S. (1889), xlv. (1896), lii.; Rep. Brit. Assoc. (1890); A Pavlow and GW Lamplugh, Bull. soc. imp. sat. Moscow (1891), and Q.J.G.S. (1897), liii.

Bidest water is used when pure, sterile water is essential. Whereas distilled water is enough for most chemical reactions, a molecular biologist attempting to create sterile, enzyme-free media might use bidest. water to ensure sterility.

The theoretical pH of distilled water is 7.0. In practice, however, most distilled water will have a pH that is slightly acidic (less than 7.0) due to the presence of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that is absorbed from the atmosphere. Dissolved carbon dioxide reacts slowly with water to give the bicarbonate and hydronium ions.

CO₂ + 2H₂O <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> HCO₃^- + H₃O⁺

(carbonic acid, H₂CO₃, is only formed in strongly acid solutions). During distillation, the dissolved CO₂ will be driven out of the liquid. However, during condensation the water will re-absorb the CO₂ again resulting in a pH that is less than 7.0.

See also

• Distilled water
• Deionized water

During the Modoc War, Captain Jack’s band settled here following the Battle of Lost River, and held off a United States Army force outnumbering them by as much as 10 to 1 for several months.
The lava beds made an outstanding stronghold for the Modocs because of the rough terrain, rocks that could be used in fortification, and irregular pathways to evade pursuers.

In the First Battle of the Stronghold, January 17, 1873, 51 Modoc warriors defeated an Army force of 225 soldiers supported by 104 Oregon and California volunteersBrown, D: “Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee”, page 219. Holt, Rinehart & Winston Inc, 1970., killing 35 and wounding several others, while suffering no casualties or serious woundings.
During the Second Battle of the Stronghold, April 15 - 17, the reinforced Army of over six hundred men captured the Modoc spring and cut off their route to Tule Lake, forcing the Modoc to flee when their water supplies ran out.
After fleeing the Stronghold, the band of Modoc splintered, and the last group, made up of Captain Jack and three warriors, were captured on June 1, 1873.

The area originally served as a hunting and gathering area.

An electrical substation on WAPA’s Path 66 northern end close to Captain Jack’s Stronghold has been named after him.

References

• Captain Jack’s Stronghold (Lava Beds National Monument)

The Varner Unit was opened in 1987 with 300 beds, and its capacity was soon increased to 700 beds. Further construction has brought the total capacity to over 1600 prisoners, a 468-bed supermax (Super Maximum Security) facility.History of the Arkansas Department of correction.

The Varner Unit also houses inmates scheduled for execution in Arkansas, currently performed by lethal injection. The actual executions take place at the nearby Cummins Unit.

References

External links

• Varner Unit

The Bullock Creek Fossil Site is part of the Camfield Fossil Beds which outcrop in a narrow belt about 50km long. The Bullock Creek local fauna are approximately dated to the mid Miocene (about 12 million years ago). The Camfield Fossil Beds which contain the Bullock Creek local fauna consist of light coloured calcareous sandstone, siltstone and limestone. Ferruginous mottling is found at the base and chalcedonic silification at the top. The presentation of fossils at the site ranges from poorly-sorted fragmentary lags to associations with partial skeletons which includes complete crania (skulls) with intact delicate structures.

The Bullock Creek Fossil Site is of natural significance in providing evidence for the evolution of the Northern Territory’s fauna and climate.

The Bullock Creek Fossil site is part of the Camfield Fossil Beds which are one of only a few Australian localities where rare fossil marsupials are well preserved. Among the fossils at the Bullock Creek site have been found complete marsupial crania with delicate structures intact. New significant taxa identified from the Bullock Creek mid Miocene include a new genus of crocodile, Baru darrowi; a primitive true kangaroo with high-crowned lophodont teeth; and a new species of giant horned tortoise, Meiolania. New marsupial lion, thylacine and dasyurid material has also been recovered. The extensive collection of Neohelos (large browsing marsupial) remains from the Camfield beds has initiated a review of the mid Miocene zygomaturine diprotodontids.

Together with the fossil assemblage in the Alcoota Fossil Beds to the north-east of Alice Springs, the Bullock Creek fossil fauna demonstrates systematic and community structural continuity from the mid to late Miocene in northern Australia.

The Bullock Creek assemblage contains biological evidence of seasonality (trapping of small fish in drying backwaters), while lithostratigraphic evidence (interbedded evaporites) suggests longer periods of low precipitation and probably high ambient temperatures. The assemblage provides evidence that aridification was in progress in northern Australia during the Miocene.

References

• Murray, D.M. and Merigian, D. 1992. Continuity and contrast in middle and late Miocene vertebrate communities from the Northern Territory. The Beagle 9(1):195-218.
• Vickers-Rich, P. and Rick, H. 1993. Wildlife of Gondwana. Reed: Sydney.

Epsomite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system as rarely found acicular or fibrous crystals, the normal form is as massive encrustations. It is colorless to white with tints of yellow, green and pink. The Mohs hardness is 2 to 2.5 and it has a low specific gravity of 1.67.

Epsomite is the same as the household chemical, Epsom salt and is readily soluble in water. It absorbs water from the air and converts to hexahydrite with the loss of one water and a switch to monoclinic structure.

References

• Webmineral data
• Mindat
• Mineral galleries

Born at Faringdon in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), and trained as a teacher, Lapworth settled in the Scottish border region, where he investigated the previously little-known fossil fauna of the area. He married in 1869 and stayed in the area. Eventually, through patient mapping and innovative use of index fossil analysis, Lapworth showed that what was thought to be a thick sequence of Silurian rocks was in fact a much thinner series of rocks repeated by faulting and folding.

Eventually his controversial analysis was accepted, and he slowly rose to become one of the leading geologists in the British Isles. He served as a professor at several colleges, and received numerous awards for his work. He is best known for pioneering faunal analysis of Silurian beds by means of index fossils, especially graptolites, and his proposal (eventually adopted) that the beds between the Cambrian beds of north Wales and the Silurian beds of South Wales should be assigned to a new geological period: the Ordovician. This proposal resolved a heated argument over the age of the strata in question.

Charles Lapworth also devoted time to mapping near Durness in Scotland’s northwest highlands and was first to propose the controversial theory that here older rocks were found lying above younger, suggesting complex folding or faulting as a cause. Later Peach and Horne were dispatched to the area and their monumental memoir proved Lapworth correct.

Papers relating to Charles Lapworth can be found at the University of Birmingham Special Collections. The University of Birmingham also maintains the Lapworth Museum within the Aston Webb building on the main Edgbaston campus.

Track listing

1. “Vacation” – 2:36
2. “Listen” – 3:15
3. “Circles” –3:12
4. “Can’t Sleep” – 1:52
5. “Mistakes” – 3:33
6. “Mexico” – 3:46
7. “Thoughts” – 3:06
8. “Road Trip” – 3:47
9. “Jeanie” – 4:02
10. “Give it All” – 3:24
11. “Everything is Okay” – 1:05
12. “Sleepyhead” – 9:09

External links

• Detailed album info and samples

They are well developed in the Isle of Wight and on the mainland opposite; and receive their name from their occurrence at Bracklesham in Sussex. The thickness of the deposit is from 100 to 400 feet. Fossil mollusca are abundant, and fossil fish are to be found, as well as the Palaeophis, a sea-snake. Nummulites and other foraminifera also occur.

The Bracklesham Beds lie between the Barton Clay above and the Bournemouth Beds, Lower Bagshot, below. In the London Basin these beds are represented only by thin sandy clays in the Middle Bagshot group. In the Paris Basin the “Calcaire grossier” lies upon the same geological horizon.

References

• F. Dixon, Geology of Sussex (new ed., 1878)
• F. E. Edwards and SV Wood, Monograph of Eocene Mollusca, Palaeontographical Soc. vol. i. (1847-1877)
• Geology of the Isle of Wight, Mem. Geol. Survey (2nd ed., 1889)
• C. Reid, The Geology of the Country around Southampton, Mem. Geol. Survey (1902).

Example

In a series of horizontal sedimentary beds, there is an igneous dyke which cuts vertically through them.
The dyke is younger than the sediment beds, as the beds would have had to be around before the dyke could have intruded.

References

Tarbuck, Lutgens, Tsujita. Earth - An Introduction to Physical Geology. USA: Pearson Education Canada Inc., 2005

According to alternative medicine advocates, one form of water therapy is the consuming of a gutful of water upon waking in order to “cleanse the bowel”. A litre to a litre and half is the common amount ingested. This water therapy, also known as Indian or Chinese Water Therapy, is claimed to have a wide range of health benefits; or at least no adverse effects. While ingesting about a litre and a half of water is usually harmless, this is approaching the level which can lead to water intoxication, an urgent and dangerous medical condition. Advocates of water therapy claim that application of water therapy at first will cause multiple bowel movements until the body adjusts to the increased amount of fluid.

See also

• Contrast showers
• Water cure (therapy)
• Thalassotherapy

haha

Usually, the function of the tester was to hold bed curtains that could surround the bed to keep out draughts. In the modern Western world, this function has become unnecessary because of improvements in insulation and draught exclusion. Consequently, the posts and tester became a redundant element of comfortable bedding, and their cost meant that they gradually became less popular in favour of postless beds. Nevertheless, the four-poster bed without the tester has remained a popular style for many bedrooms because of its traditional and luxurious appearance.

History

Built in 1880, the 60 foot (18 m) tall Great Beds Lighthouse sits atop a caisson. It is constructed of white steel plates. The lighthouse is located about 3/4 mile (1.2 km) off Staten Island, New York. In the late 1800s there was a dispute between New York and New Jersey regarding to whom the lighthouse belonged. Eventually New York gave up the fight for the lighthouse. Today the lighthouse is the official symbol for the small city of South Amboy.

Important Figures

Important figures in the history of the hospital include Queen Emma, King Kamehameha IV,

External links

• Official site

Above the highly fossiliferous Barton Clay, which is said to contain about 600 species, there is a sandy series with few fossils; these are the Headon Hill or Barton Sands. Either of these names is preferable to the term “Upper Bagshot Beds”, which has been applied to these sands. The Barton Beds are absent from the London basin, and the Upper Bagshot Sands of that area are probably of a lower horizon than the Barton Sands. The term “Bartonien” (English “Bartonian”) was introduced by Mayer-Eymar in 1857 for the continental equivalents of the series. Fusus longaevus, Volutilithes luctatrix, Ostrea gigantea, and Pectunculus (Glycimeris) deleta are characteristic fossils; fishes (Lamna, Arius, etc.) and a crocodile (Diplocynodon) are also found in the Barton Clay. The sands are very pure and are used in glass making.

References

• Fossils of the Barton Beds, Chapman

Epsomite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system as rarely found acicular or fibrous crystals, the normal form is as massive encrustations. It is colorless to white with tints of yellow, green and pink. The Mohs hardness is 2 to 2.5 and it has a low specific gravity of 1.67.

Epsomite is the same as the household chemical, Epsom salt and is readily soluble in water. It absorbs water from the air and converts to hexahydrite with the loss of one water and a switch to monoclinic structure.

References

• Webmineral data
• Mindat
• Mineral galleries

Both Mt Druitt Hospital and the near-by Blacktown Hospital operate under one administration, the Blacktown/Mt Druitt Health (BMDH). BMDH is a unit of the Sydney West Area Health Service.

Aside from the wards of medical, surgical and pediatric patients, there are four operating theatres, an Accident and Emergency unit, and Medical Imaging facilities.

The ward consist of 120 beds for general medical and surgical use, 62 beds for paediatrics, five intensive care beds, and 13 day-only observation beds. The four operating theatres have eight beds for recovery.

Mt. Druitt Hospital was designed by Lawrence Nield in 1980.

Expansion

In 2006, the state member Richard Amery announced extensions totalling 10 beds spread throughout various units within the hospital. This included aged care rehabilitation and emergency care. AUD 2.1 million were allocated to the works however it was clearly identified that the extra facilities would not be opened until the required extra staff had been recruited.

Awards

• 1993 Royal Australian Institute of Architects NSW Merit Award

References and links

• Sydney West Area Health Service official web page
• photo
• Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II, performing the official opening of the Mt Druitt Hospital

The area largely consists of grass-covered plains. Plants on the site include prairie sandreed, blue grama, little bluestem and needle and thread grass, and the wildflowers lupine, spiderwort, western wallflower and sunflowers.

History

The site is best known for the large number of well-preserved Miocene fossils, many of which were found at dig sites on Carnegie and University Hills. Fossils from the site, which date from about 20 million years ago, are among some of the best specimens of Miocene mammals. Species found at Agate include:

• Miohippus, an ancestor of the modern horse,
• Menoceras, a pony-sized rhinoceros,
• Amphicyon, a bear dog,
• Dinohyus, a giant pig-like ungulate,
• Stenomylus, a gazelle-like camelid, and
• Palaeocastor, land beavers that dug large corkscrew-shaped burrows (Daemonelix)

Originally the Agate Springs Ranch, a working cattle ranch owned by Capt. James Cook, The monument’s museum collection also contains more than 500 artifacts from the Cook Collection of Plains Indian artifacts.

The national monument was authorized on June 5, 1965, but was not established until June 14, 1997. The Harold J. Cook Homestead (Bone Cabin Complex) was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 24, 1977. Agate Fossil Beds is maintained by the National Park Service.

See also

• List of fossil sites
• Ashfall Fossil Beds

References

• The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior.

External links

• Official NPS website: Agate Fossil Beds National Monument

A private hospital was founded in 1932 and on August 22 the province granted a Charter of Incorporation for the York County Hospital Corporation. In 1924, it became a public hospital. In 1946, the Margaret Johnson Davis Wing opened with 55 beds. In 1956, the South Wing opened and a six storey tower opened in 1964. Capacity was increased to 420 beds with the opening of the East Wing in 1976. In 1999, a project to further expand the hospital was started. In 1999, the name of the hospital was changed from York County Hospital to Southlake Regional Health Centre. In 2006, a new parking lot was added to across the street from the hospital and a walkway is currently being constructed from this parking lot to the hospital.

Conditions and Accommodation

Housing is either in the Main Building, in rooms with 4 beds and the Galaciuc building, in very crowded rooms with 2 or 3 beds, or wooden buildings with 6 or 8 beds. Most of the buildings existed prior to the opening of the camp, being log-cabins belonging to Vrancea’s Forest Management Company. As such, they are extremely small and crowded (the rooms with 2/3 beds are 2 meters long and 3 meters wide, while the 8 bedded rooms are 7 meters long and 3 meters wide). Only the Main Building and Gărgăriţa cabin have heating installations, thus reducing the camp’s capacity during the winter to only 100 persons. There is no source of drinking water in or near the camp, all water having to be bought from shops in Tulnici or Lepşa. There is also a problem with toilets, being insufficient (8 toilets are available for the entire camp, of which 4 are usually reserved for staff and teachers), and hot water, as plumbing and heating installations are more than 30 years old. Food is provided to both contest participants and paying customers at the reference level provided by the Ministry of Education (in 2004 that was 85000 lei/day or US$ 2.5/day), thus lacking both in quality and in quantity. During the 2004 Infoeducatie contest, there were 11 reports of food poisoning.

Activities

Gălăciuc is an excellent venue for paragliding, mountaineering and sightseeing. Its very good position and clean air are the advantages of the camp. 8 Km from the camp, in the direction of Lepşa lies the Putna waterfall, with a number of trekking routes, while 10 km away, near Lepşa, there is the Cheile Tişiţei nature preserve and wildlife reservation (with one of the largest population of wild bears in Europe. Trout fishing is possible either in the Putna river or the Lepşa trout farm.

InfoEducatie

Infoeducatie is the most important event in Gălăciuc. Taking place in July or August it is a national software development contest for high-school students in Romania. First taking place in 1994, it is also the oldest one surviving. Students are required to bring a home-made software (any kind is accepted, although educational software falls in a special category) developed by themselves or a website and show it in front of a jury. To be able to enter the contest, you must win a prize (rank 1st, 2nd or 3rd) in local and regional qualification rounds. Sponsors include Microsoft and Cisco. Although prizes are not high ($350 for first prize in 2004), all students that win a prize are entitled to enroll in some informatics departments of Romanian universities without standard application procedures (they are automatically accepted), thus making the competition rather fierce. Some of the software presented is of commercial grade, including CAD programs and utilities, games, anti-viral software and compression tools. For more information visit the official site of Infoeducatie contest featuring Galaciuc information

Usually, the function of the tester was to hold bed curtains that could surround the bed to keep out draughts. In the modern Western world, this function has become unnecessary because of improvements in insulation and draught exclusion. Consequently, the posts and tester became a redundant element of comfortable bedding, and their cost meant that they gradually became less popular in favour of postless beds. Nevertheless, the four-poster bed without the tester has remained a popular style for many bedrooms because of its traditional and luxurious appearance.

Its coordinates are at 4,036 feet elevation. Probably named for Captain Jack’s Stronghold at the nearby Lava Beds National Monument.

External links

Thirty-six cards are dealt in to six columns, each containing six cards. The columns are called the “flower beds” and the entire tableau is sometimes called “the garden.” The sixteen leftover cards become the reserve, or “the bouquet.”

The top cards of each flower-bed and all of the cards in the bouquet are available for play. Cards can only be moved one at a time and can be built either on the foundations or on the other flower beds. The foundations are built up by suit, from Ace to King (a general idea of the game is to release the aces first). The cards in the garden, on the other hand, can be built down regardless of suit and any empty flower bed can be filled with any card. The cards in the bouquet can be used to aid in building, be put into the foundations, or fill an empty flower bed.

The game is won when all cards end up in the foundations.

A new cancer tower is under construction, which will add 150 new inpatient beds. The 11 story tower will house new cancer, surgery, and state-of-the-art patient care facilities.

Providence Portland Medical Center is also one of only two nursing magnet hospitals in Oregon, the other being Providence St. Vincent Medical Center in Portland.

External links

• Providence Portland Medical Center web site

According to the Royal Horticultural Society, the current preference in taxonomy (more accurate name) for this plant is Chionodoxa forbesii.

• Nymphaeaceae
• Nelumbonaceae, also called lotus

Other uses:

• Water Lilies, a famous painting series by Claude Monet
• Water Lilies (film), a 2007 film by Céline Sciamma
• Water Lily Acoustics, a record label

For sleeping

An air mattress is an inflatable mattress, usually made of plastic or textile-reinforced plastic or rubber. The deflated mattress can be rolled up or folded and carried or stored relatively easily, making air mattresses a popular choice for camping trips and for temporary bedding at home for guests. They are inflated either orally by blowing into a valve, or with a manual foot-powered or electric pump. Some are even automatically inflating (up to a certain pressure — usually some manual work is also needed) just by opening the valve.

Lightweight, reduced-size air mattresses specifically intended for camping and backpacking are sometimes called sleeping pads, especially when a layer of foam insulation is added under the air chambers. Better quality air mattresses are constructed of fabric instead of sheet vinyl.

Larger, more elaborate air mattresses (”air beds”) have come on the market in recent years that are intended for guest use in the home, or as permanent beds.

Light duty inflatable guest mattresses can be packed into a small space for storage. These are generally made of plastic (polyvinyl chloride, PVC). Some have an electric pump and a firmness controller. Vinyl is far less elastic than rubber (but more elastic than textile-backed rubber — durability is really about material toughness, not material elasticity) and will eventually fatigue, making vinyl mattresses unsuitable for everyday use. But a vinyl air bed might well be sufficient for several months of frequent use, or years of occasional guest use.

Permanent air beds, designed to take the place of a conventional mattress or waterbed, are often mounted on a special foundation. Other innovations allow for a specific firmness setting to be applied to each half of larger mattresses. Air beds with latex rubber air chambers can last for years in daily use, and typically will have multi-year guarantees. Prices are roughly comparable to good quality coil spring mattresses.

As a water toy

The term air mattress may also refer to a certain inflatable swimming pool or beach toy, which has an air-sac “pillow” and several (usually four or five) tubes running its length. Also called a “lilo” (UK), “pool air mat”, “air mat”, “pool lounge”, or “float(ing) mat(tress)”, it is used to recline on the water surface. Although it bears some resemblance to an air mattress, it is typically not built as strong and may not reliably stay inflated all night long, making it impractical for use as a bed. Air mattresses of this type are used in the water activity blobbing.

See also

• Camping
• Lodging

No zonal fossil has been recognized for the British Purbeckian strata, but the horizon is approximately equivalent to that of Pensphinctes transilorius of the European continent. The Purbeckian equivalents of Spilsby and Speeton are in the zone of Belemnites lateralis. Other marine fossils are Hemicidaris jpurbeckensis and Ostrea distonta, the latter being abundant in the Cinder bed of the Middle Purbeck. The fresh-water mollusca include Viviparus (Paludina), Planorb-is, Melanopsis, Unio, Cyrena. A large number of insect genera has been found in the Middle and Lower Purbeck beds. Dinosaurs (Iguanodon, Echinodon), crocodylians (Goniopholis, Petrosuchus), Cimoliosaurus, the plesiosaurs and the chelonians (Chelone, Pleurosternum) are representative reptiles. The mammals, mostly determined from lower jaws, found in the beds mentioned above include Plagiaulax, Amblothenium, Stylodon, Tniconodon, Spalacothenium and several others. The isopod crustacean Archeoniscus Brodei is very common in the Purbeck of the Vale of Wardour. The silicified stumps and trunks of cycads and coniferous trees, often surrounded by great masses of calcareous concretions (Burrs), are very noticeable in the dirt beds of Portland and near Lulworth. Chara is found in the fresh-water cherts of the Middle Purbeck.

Many geologists have ranged the Purbeck beds with the overlying Wealden formation on account of the similarity of their fresh-water faunas; but the marine fossils, including the fishes, ally the Purbeck more closely with the Upper Jurassic rocks of other parts, and it may be regarded as the equivalent of the Upper Volgian of Russia. The Purbeckian is present in the neighborhood of Boulogne; in Charente it is represented by thin limestones with Cyrena and by gypsiferous marls; in north-west Germany three subdivisions are recognized, in descending order Purbeck Kalk, Serpulit and Mnder Mergel.

The building stones of the Purbeck beds have already been mentioned; the Purbeck or Paludina marble, a grey or greenish limestone full of shells, was formerly extensively employed in cathedrals and churches. Stone tiles or slatts were once used locally for roofing from the Lower Purbeck of Portland, Swanage and Swindon. Gypsum was formerly worked from the Lower Purbeck at Swanage.

Bidest water is used when pure, sterile water is essential. Whereas distilled water is enough for most chemical reactions, a molecular biologist attempting to create sterile, enzyme-free media might use bidest. water to ensure sterility.

The theoretical pH of distilled water is 7.0. In practice, however, most distilled water will have a pH that is slightly acidic (less than 7.0) due to the presence of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that is absorbed from the atmosphere. Dissolved carbon dioxide reacts slowly with water to give the bicarbonate and hydronium ions.

CO₂ + 2H₂O <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> HCO₃^- + H₃O⁺

(carbonic acid, H₂CO₃, is only formed in strongly acid solutions). During distillation, the dissolved CO₂ will be driven out of the liquid. However, during condensation the water will re-absorb the CO₂ again resulting in a pH that is less than 7.0.

See also

• Distilled water
• Deionized water

References

External links

• John Day Fossil Beds National Monument Homepage
• http://www.uoregon.edu/photo_archives/2004gallery/_spring/paintedhills.html
• Painted hills in Oregon photo slideshow

Lake Chalco and the other Mexican great lakes (the brackish lakes Texcoco, Zumpango and Xaltocan and the freshwater Xochimilco) formed the ancient Basin of Mexico lake system. These lakes were home to many Mesoamerican cultures including the Toltecs and the Aztecs.

Lake Chalco itself had a fresh water hydrologic structure due in large part to the artesian springs lining its south shore. This allowed extensive chinampa beds to be cultivated through the Aztec era. After the Spanish conquest of Mexico these beds fell into disuse and were largely abandoned.

Starting during the Aztec era and continuing into 20th century, efforts were made to drain Lake Chalco and her sister lakes in order to avoid periodic flooding and to provide for expansion. The only one of these lakes still in existence is a diminished Lake Xochimilco.

There are three known species of Kokopu in New Zealand:

• Giant kokopu, Galaxias argenteus
• Banded kokopu, Galaxias fasciatus
• Shortjaw kokopu, Galaxias postvectis

Kokopu live 5 - 10 years but can reach in excess of 21 years. They spawn in leaf debris in stream beds or during spring tides and the eggs hatch about 30 days after being laid. The hatchlings are carried downstream where they spend a short period of time in the sea and return to streams after four to five months. Kokopu sprats are keenly sought by fishers as whitebait for consumption as a delicacy and are caught in fine meshed nets.

Kokopu depend on the natural environment, principally in forested environments, and so have become less common as New Zealand has been cleared of much of its native forest and swampland as a result of colonisation and farming development since the late 1800s. Nevertheless, recognition of the value of biodiversity and the preservation of natural areas in National Parks and reserved conservation areas promises to maintain the species.

Kokopu suffer from the introduction of trout species that were introduced into New Zealand for sport fishing purposes during the first half of the 20th century by various acclimatisation societies. Research has indicated that where trout have become established then kokopu are unlikely to be found. Nevertheless, since the kokopu, on average, is smaller in size than trout then where stream and swamp environments cannot support trout and are still in forested areas, kokopu are likely to be found.

Notable fossil species

• Hagerman Horse, Equus simplicidens

External links

• Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument official site

Usually, the function of the tester was to hold bed curtains that could surround the bed to keep out draughts. In the modern Western world, this function has become unnecessary because of improvements in insulation and draught exclusion. Consequently, the posts and tester became a redundant element of comfortable bedding, and their cost meant that they gradually became less popular in favour of postless beds. Nevertheless, the four-poster bed without the tester has remained a popular style for many bedrooms because of its traditional and luxurious appearance.

• Nymphaeaceae
• Nelumbonaceae, also called lotus

Other uses:

• Water Lilies, a famous painting series by Claude Monet
• Water Lilies (film), a 2007 film by Céline Sciamma
  
• Water Lily Acoustics, a record label

Properties and Condition

In the Yorkshire dales the Carboniferous rocks assume an aspect very different from that which obtains in the S. Beds of detrital sediment, sandstones, shales and occasional ironstones and thin coals separate the limestones into well-defined beds. These limestone beds have received various fiames of local significance (Hardraw Scar, Simonstone, Middle, Tunderset, Main and many others), and owing to the country being little disturbed by faulting and being much cut up by the streams, they stand out as escarpments on either side of the valleys. The first indication of the intercalation of thick detrital deposits within the massive limestone is seen in Ingleborough and Penyghent; but as the rocks are traced north the detrital matter increases in quantity and the limestones diminish, until in Northumberland the whole Carboniferous series assumes the Yoredale phase, and consists of alternations of detrital and calcareous beds, no massive limestone being seen.

Fossils

The Yoredale limestones are characterized by the presence of Productus giganleus and the brachiopod fauna usually associated with it. The main limestone of Weardale is full of corals, including Lonsdaleia floriformis, Dibunophyllum sp., Gyclophyllurn pachyendothecurn, etc., and has a typical Visan fauna; it would therefore correspond, palaeontologically, with the upper pait of the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire.

On Ingleborough the limestone is not very fossiliferous, but the Main Limestone contains small corals of a zaphrentoid type and an upper Visan fauna. Fosidonomya Becheri occurs fairly low down in the series in the Shale above the Hardraw Scar and Gayls limestones, but it is not accompanied by any of the goniatites or other cephalopods and lamellibranchs which characterize the Posidonomya Becheri beds of the Pendleside Series, the faunas of the Yoredale and Pendleside phases being very distinct.

The Red Bed Limestone of Leyburn, the uppermost limestone of the series, is very rich in fish remains, which are identical in many cases with those found in the topmost beds of the massive Carboniferous Limestone at Bolt Edge quarry in Derbyshire. The shales between the limestones are rich in fossils and contain abundant single corals referable to Zaphrentss enniskilteni, Cyclophyllum pachyendolhecum, and others; these, though high-zonal forms, occur low down in the Yoredale strata, even in the shale above the Hardraw Scar limestone. In the Derbyshire area and farther north these corals would indicate the uppermost beds of the limestone series of those districts, and their early appearance in the Yoredale area is probably entirely due to conditions of environment.

Attempts have been made to correlate rocks in a number of widely separated areas with the Yoredale strata, but on wholly insufficient grounds. It is clear that the exact relationship which the Yoredale series of the type area bears as a whole to the lower Carboniferous rocks of the Midlands, north and south Wales, etc., on the one hand, and to the Pendleside series on the other, has yet to be established on a firm palaeontological basis.

References

Red beds have economic significance since many of them contain reservoirs of petroleum and natural gas.

Primary Red Beds

Krynine (1950) suggested that the red beds were primarily formed by the erosion and redeposition of red soils or older red beds. A fundamental problem with this hypothesis is the relative scarcity of Permian red coloured source sediments to the south of Cheshire. Van Houten (1961) developed the idea to include the in situ (early diagenetic) reddening of the sediment by the dehydration of brown or drab coloured ferric hydroxides. These ferric hydroxides commonly include goethite (FeO-OH) and so called “amorphous ferric hydroxide” or limonite. In fact, much of this material may be the mineral ferrihydrite (Fe₂O₃ H₂O).

This dehydration or “aging” process is now known to be intimately associated with pedogenesis in alluvial floodplains and desert environments. Berner (1969) showed that goethite (ferric hydroxide) is normally unstable relative to hematite and in the absence of water or at elevated temperature will readily dehydrate according to the reaction:

FeOOH (goethite)→ Fe₂O₃ (hematite) +H₂O

Gibbs Free Energy (G) is defined as - some reactions are spontaneous because they give off energy in the form of heat (H < 0). Others are spontaneous because they lead to an increase in the disorder of the system (S > 0). Calculations of H and S can be used to probe the driving force behind a particular reaction. The Gibbs free energy of a system at any moment in time is defined as the enthalpy of the system minus the product of the temperature times the entropy of the system.

The Gibbs Free Energy for this reaction (at 250°C) is -2.76kJ/mol and Langmuir (1971) showed that G becomes increasingly negative with smaller particle size. Thus detrital ferric hydroxides including goethite and ferrihydrite will spontaneously transform into red coloured hematite pigment with time. This process not only accounts for the progressive reddening of alluvium but also the fact older desert dune sands are more intensely reddened than their younger equivalents.

Diagenetic Red Beds

The formation of red beds during burial diagenesis was clearly described by Walker (1967) and Walker et al. (1978). The key to this mechanism is the intrastratal alteration of ferromagnesian silicates by oxygenated groundwaters during burial. Walker’s studies show that the hydrolysis of Hornblende and other iron-bearing detritus follows Goldich’s stability series. This is controlled by the Gibbs Free Energy (?Gr ) of the particular reaction. For example, the most easily altered material would be olivine: e.g.

FeSi₄ (fayalite) + O₂ → Fe₂O₃ (hematite) + SiO₂ (quartz)with ?Gr = -27.53kJ/mol

A key feature of this process, and exemplified by the reaction, is the production of a suite of by products which are precipitated as authigenic phases. These include mixed layer clays (illite – montmorillonite), quartz, potassium feldspar and carbonates as well as the pigmentary ferric oxides. Reddening progresses as the diagenetic alteration becomes more advanced and is thus a time dependent mechanism. The other implication is that reddening of this type is not specific to a particular depositional environment. However, the favourable conditions for diagenetic red bed formation i.e. +Eh and neutral-alkaline pH are most commonly found in hot., semi-arid areas, and this is why Red Beds are traditionally associated with such climates.

Secondary Red Beds

Secondary Red Beds are characterized by irregular colour zonation, often related to sub-unconformity weathering profiles. The colour boundaries may cross-cut lithological contacts and show more intense reddening adjacent to unconformities. Johnson et al. (1997) have also showed how secondary reddening phases might be superimposed on earlier formed primary red beds in the Carboniferous of the southern North Sea. The general conditions leading to post-diagenetic alteration have been described by Mücke (1994). Important reactions include pyrite oxidation:

3O₂ + 4FeS₂→ Fe₂O₃ (hematite) + 8S ?Gr = -789 kJmol-1

and siderite oxidation:
O₂ + 4FeCO₃ → 2Fe₂O₃ (haematite) + 4CO₂ ?Gr = –346 kJmol-1

Secondary red beds formed in this way are an excellent example of telodiagenesis. They are linked to the uplift, erosion and surface weathering of previously deposited sediments and require conditions similar to Primary and Diagenetic Red Beds for their formation

References

American Geological Institute, Dictionary of Geological Terms, (New York: Dolphin Books, 1962), p. 416.

Berner R. A., 1969,. Goethite stability and origin of red beds. Geochimica Cosmomochimica Acta, 35, pp 267-273.

Krynine, P. D., 1950, Petrology, stratigraphy, and origin of the Triassic sedimentary Bulletin of the Connecticut Geology and Natural History Survey, 73, 239p.

Langmuir, D., 1971, Particle size effect on the reaction Goethite = Hematite + Water. American Journal of Science, 271, pp 147-156.

Mücke, A., 1994,. Part 1. Postdiagenetic ferruginization of sedimentary rocks (sandstones, oolitic ironstones, kaolins and bauxites) - including a comparative study of the reddening of red beds. [in] Wolf, K. H. and Chilingarian, G V. (eds.) pp 361-395 Diagenesis, IV. Developments in Sedimentology 5 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Van Houten, F. B., 1973, Origin of red beds. A review -1961-1972. Annual Review Earth Planetary Science, 1, pp 39-61

Walker, T. R., 1967, Formation of red beds in modern and ancient deserts. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 78, pp 353-368.

External links and sources

• Description of Ventura Red Beds
• Another summary of red beds
• Picture